History of the Networking Technology

The telegraph was perfected in the 1850s. Decades later, the telephone became a household fixture in the early 20th century. But even with the radio and the telephone becoming household fixtures in most modern homes, the whole world and particularly the United Kingdom was not exactly moving at a frenetic pace. Phones made it easier but there is a significant delay when it comes to accessing information.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of the Networking Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A person has to be on both ends of the line to communicate. This system is far outmoded when compared to Information Technology that has swept the globe. A person can access information 24 hours a day, all year round. This enhances the decision-making process. It radicalised the way people do business. However, these things could not have been possible without networking technology. As compared to what is happenin g today It has to be pointed out that even as late as the middle part of the e 20th century, it was still very expensive to communicate across continents. Calling overseas is not a practical proposition unless the call is extremely urgent. During those days, many households in Europe did not even own a telephone. But after the invention of the Internet in the latter part of the twentieth century, the world began to enter the Digital Age. As a result the way people communicate to each other went into overdrive. It can be argued that people are now living in a networked society. Information Systems Before going any further it is important to have a clear understanding of what a network is all about. A basic definition of a network is to have two or more computers that are linked together so that information can be exchanged between them. The development of computer networks is the answer to the urgent need of the modern day workplace to have the ability to receive and send information quickly and efficiently. Robert Thierauf explains it this way, â€Å"Today’s worldwide marketplace provides not only more customers, suppliers, and competitors but also increased complexity for the decision-making process. The speed of communication simultaneously makes the environment less stable and predictable and reduces the available time for examining business information, knowledge, and intelligence† (p. 65). There is therefore a need for a more sophisticated IT infrastructure that can help managers make the right decisions.Advertising Looking for essay on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Shifting needs, rapid changes in technology and the increasing sophistication of the hackers are the major reasons why developers and creators of a company’s IT infrastructure are focused in creating systems that both efficient and secure. The number one challenge for modern management information systems is the creation of a seamless IT architecture that can ensure an error free e-business. This is extremely difficult to do for an organisation that relies on internet and telecommunication networks in order to conduct businesses in multiple locations all over the world (Stevens, p.20). The solution is the creation of a highly-reliable, easy-to-use and secure Intranet as well as Extranet technology. Intranet The Intranet is basically a network that is limited to internal usage within the company. This is its limitation because the system can only be used by the employees and all the staff that works in the said organization. However, the upside to this arrangement is the significant savings that it can bring when it comes to their communication needs. Aside from that the flow of information is significantly enhanced. An Intranet will allow for the creation of a system that can handle large volumes of information and yet the company need not hire a hundreds of employees to mai ntain it. An airline company for instance can have an Intranet that is managed by a staff of just 16 IT professionals (Times Online, p.1). In the case of one airline company the use of the Intranet allows for the creation of cost-saving methods that enhanced the profitability of the said organisation. One study revealed the following: cabin crew and check-in staff carry out a range of activities from booking annual leave to obtaining the weather reports needed for each flight. Engineering staff can get the details needed to maintain the aircraft †¦ The crews come in , use the self-service terminals to print off everything they require, such as fuel reports, go to the aircraft and fly (Times Onine, p.1). This is an efficient system indeed. However, it is severely limited when it comes to coverage because it has no use to their customers. Most of the time an Intranet is comprised of computer terminals and computer networks within the company headquarters. It can be accessed from a satellite office, from a remote location, however, it is still a closed system because only employees and staff can use it. This is the reason why the Extranet was developed. Extranet If a company decides to use an Extranet then it has to be protected from hackers and corporate spies (Flouris Oswald, p.68). Aside from security, there is also the need to create a user-friendly system that does not require extensive study in order for a customer to be familiar with it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of the Networking Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This will enable the company to create facilities that consumers can easily access. A business enterprise can create a website that can be accessed using a computer or even a hand-held devices such as newly-designed mobile phones that can access the World-Wide-Web. This means that customers can purchase items online, make reservations, and browse company information in the comfort of their homes or through the use of mobile devices. They can make adjustments to their schedules as quickly and as efficiently as possible. This is an added reason as to why consumers will use the services of this company. Physical Aspect of Networking Due to the recent technological breakthroughs, consumers are demanding for more innovative products and services. With regards to the Internet and the high demand for multimedia services there is a need for an infrastructure that would be able to deliver high volume data at a much faster rate. In this regard it is not only computer hardware and software that must be pushed to the next level but also the components that go into network construction. One of the most important parts of a networking system are the cables, it is used to transfer data back and forth, between servers and computers alike. In the 21st century there are two major types of cables that has become the standard for reliable netw orking and these are: 1) copper cables; and 2) fibre optics. Copper cables have been around for quite some time now and have proven to be a very reliable component in any network. On the other hand the use of fibre optics is relatively new but already many are convinced that this is the future of networking as it pertains to IT infrastructure. A basic definition of a network is two or more computers that are linked together so that information can be exchanged between them. The following are the basic components of a network: a) a sending device; b) a communication link; and c) a receiving device (Habraken, p.31). A sending device ca be a computer or server and the receiving device can be another computer, server or equipment such as printers etc. The communication link is where communication signals are transmitted. And the common types of link include copper wire and fibre optics.Advertising Looking for essay on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Copper became the preferred material for the manufacture of metallic cables because it is a better conductor of electricity and is relatively economical (Building Industry Consulting Service International, p.1). There are four major groups of copper cables and these are: a) multicore; b) twisted pairs; c) quads; and d) coax (Building Industry Consulting Service International, p.1). According to Habraken, â€Å"Although a number of different cable type can be used for LANs, copper-based twisted-pair wire has really become the standard †¦ It is fairly inexpensive and easy to work with because it is flexible, it bends around corners† (p. 31). A twisted pair copper cabling is ideal for the following connections: Telephone sets to PBX common equipment Telephone sets to key systems common equipment PCs to the wiring closet of a LAN Homes to the nearest telephone company equipment (Dodd, p. 83). However, there are limitations. According to experts, â€Å"The electrical prope rties of copper cabling create resistance and interference. Signals weaken the farther they are transmitted on copper wires. The electrical property of copper cabling is the key factor that limits its transmission speeds† (Dodd, p. 83). This is the upside and the downside to using copper cables. The property that made copper cables a popular component in many network is the same property that made it undesirable. As a result, â€Å"†¦copper cables are limited to 100 meters for almost all applications above 100 Mbps† (Trulove, p. 142). Furthermore, with regards to the metallic aspect of copper cables, it cannot be placed just about anywhere. It cannot be placed near elevator shafts or power lines. Also, there must also be â€Å"†¦adequate consideration of grounding and bonding† (Trulove, p. 34). These limitations is really problematic in the 21st century where there is a need for greater interconnectivity and the 100 meter limit is a serious problem when talking about creating a network in other places aside from the city. This is the reason why fibre optics are now used as the better alternative. In the 19th century an Englishman named John Tyndall was able to demonstrate that light can be bended (Sterling, p.4). This is a major breakthrough because in the past, conventional wisdom dictates that light travels through a straight line. But Tyndall demonstrated that light could be bent around a corner as it travelled in a jet of pouring water, â€Å"water flowed through a horizontal spout near the bottom of a container †¦ when Tyndall aimed a beam of light through the spout along the water, his audience saw the light follow a zigzag path inside the curved path of the water† (Sterling, p. 4). Thus, Tyndall was credited with the discovery of a principle that would lead to the manufacture of fibre optics. In the computer world the only language that can be understood by computers and servers is one that involves 1 and 0. Fib re optics technology was designed having this idea in mind. Steven Karris described how fibre optics works inside a typical network and he wrote, â€Å"Fibre optic cable transmits light pulses. A laser at one device sends pulses of light through this cable to the other device. The presence of light pulse is translated into a logical 1 and its absence into a logical 0 at the receiver end† (p. 6.2) This explains why fibre optics are so efficient and can able to handle the transmission of large volumes of data at a faster rate compared to copper cables. There is simply more that a fibre optic can do compared to the old copper cables. The following list shows what is in store for those who may want to shift from using copper cable to fibre optics: Secure – does not emit electromagnetic signals; therefore the only way to tap into it is by physically breaking the cable and apply listening devices spliced into the break. This method is easily detected; Small size – id eal for constructing a network underneath the city where underground conduit is at capacity; High bandwidth – fibre optics are designed to handle upgrades in IT such as high speed transmissions and the use of terabit routers; and Low attenuation – since fibre optics does not have metallic components, there is also less interference. For TV this mean a strong signal and quality feed. For computers and LAN this means a much faster movement of data from one point to the next. Furthermore, there is less fading or weakening of signals even over long distances (Dodd, p.85). Nevertheless, even with the above-mentioned benefits from the use of fibre optics, there is a number of downside that must be considered before deciding to use this new technology. The first major setback is the cost of installing fibre optics. According to experts, â€Å"Specialized equipment is required to install fibre cables within buildings, test and splice fibre and to convert electrical signals t o light pulses and vice versa† (Dodd, p. 85). Moreover, fibre optics is not as flexible as copper cables. This has something to do with the material used to manufacture fibre optics. For optical fibre communications the material required to create this medium is fused silica. Specialists working in this field assert that although other fibre materials are adequate, only high-quality glassy melt of silica-dioxide has the purity needed to make excellent fibre optics that can guarantee almost zero loss in terms of signal strength (Downing, p. 101). This explains why fibre optics can be limited in the area of flexibility when comparing to the sturdier metallic cable such as copper. Challenges The use of networking technology to enhance the efficiency of an organisation is already beyond doubt. However, it is not easy to build and maintain a management information system. It is a tremendous challenge to build a system that can become obsolete before the year ends. In the past, this mode of doing business, the need for constant innovation and upgrades is prohibitively expensive it is not practical. No one builds a warehouse and expects to tear it down after a year. But when it comes to networking technology and computers these changes and upgrades are just part of the cycle of doing business. Those who will not invest in security upgrades and other system enhancements may find their organisation vulnerable to external threats. Gene Spafford, head of Purdue University’s IT department said that, â€Å"The only system that is truly secure is one that is switched off and unplugged, locked in titanium-lined safe, buried in a concrete bunker, and is surrounded by nerve gas and very highly paid armed guards. Even then, I wouldn’t stake my life on it† (Mason Newcomb, p. 73). The hyperbole was meant to put in context the extreme difficulty in developing a tamper-proof and fail-safe system. On the other hand the comment made by Professor Spafford c an also serve as a starting point for designing a highly functional MIS and this means designing an architecture that balances the need for security and accessibility. A server unplugged and hidden in vault may be a secure system but it is worth nothing to a business enterprise. Thus, a company must invest in securing their systems from external threats. The impact of a successful intrusion into the company’s data servers can be fully understood upon consideration that in the past the only way to gain access to the company’s secrets is to employ a corporate spy or to bribe an employee of the targeted business enterprise. If this does not work the last resort would be to hire someone that can break-in and steal a hard copy of blueprints and other valuable data. Today, a professional hacker can achieve the same results without being phsically present and risk capture. They can mine it for valuable data with minimal risk of detection. All this can be done in a remote loca tion and possibly executed using wireless technology. If the system has a porous security system then almost nothing can be done to prevent this from happening. A vulnerable system is not acceptable in the fast-moving and highly connected business world. A company can lose more than money, it can lose its reputation. A customer need only to experience one incident of unreliable service before deciding that the risk of using a particular system is not worht the risk. This is why it pays to invest in upgrades. The cost of doing so can be easily offset by reducing the number of people that has to be employed to manage a business enterprise. Conclusion It is almost impossible to envision a 21st century without networking technology. Information technology is very useful but without the capability provided by networking technology data cannot be effectively stored, accessed and sent to intended recipients. However, it is an expensive proposition and one that requires constant upgrades. N evertheless, business organisations can no longer afford to go back to the good old days dominated by telegraphs, radio and telephones. Today, personal computers and mobile devices are indispensable tools for work and play. The rapid interconnection and communication is only possible to the use of networking technology. Works Cited Building Industry Consulting Service International. Residential Network Cabling. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002. Dodd, Annabel. The Essential Guide to Telecommunications. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prenctice Hall, 2002. Downing, James. Fiber-Optic Communications. New York: Thomson Delmar Learning, 2005. Flouris, Triants and Sharon Oswald. Designing and Executing Strategy in Aviation Management. UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2006. Habraken, Joseph. Absolute Beginner’s Guide to Networking. Indianapolis, Indiana: Que Publishing, 2004. Karris, Steven. Networks Design and Management. CA: Orchard Publications, 2004. Mason, Andrew and Mark Newcomb. Cisco Secure Inte rnet Security Solutions. IN: Cisco Press, 2001. Sterling, Donald. Technician’s Guide to Fiber Optics. New York: Thomson Delmar Learning, 2004. Thierauf, Robert. 2001. Effective Business Intelligence Systems. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2001. Times Online â€Å"Get creative for awesome results.† The Sunday Times. Feb. 2005. 09 Mar. 2011. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/. Trulove, James. LAN Wiring: An Illustrated Network Cabling Guide. New York: McGraw-HIll, 2000. This essay on History of the Networking Technology was written and submitted by user Gael Cole to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Fighting Music Piracy essays

Fighting Music Piracy essays Ah Internet, what a phenomenal invention! These days absolutely anything is possible to do and to get through the Internet. For instance, some of the most popular positive activities include the availability to instantly access the museums and libraries all across the world, as well as being able to learn about the latest news and events in a matter of seconds. Without doubt, Internet serves the major benefit by providing the immediate access to friends, family, and business associates through email, instant messaging, video conferencing, and other Internet mediums. Obviously, the whole concept of being able to shop from home without making a step out of the door, or even better, without getting up from the chair is always a great help. Also, Internet can provide a trivial knowledge, along with entertainment such as music, movies, books, radio and others. In other words, Internet these days simply became a speedy alternative to the U.S. Postal Service, a tool for enriching the minds of many and a worldwide shopping mall at the same time. Unfortunately, besides the vast amount of benefits that Internet brings to people, it also has become a home to the number of controversial, illegal and even criminal activities that were introduced to the society in the past couple of years. It is easy to see the significance of those unfavorable activities by just simply analyzing the fact that Internet provides an easy access to pornography, which for some reason children, sometimes, seem to be able to find even easier than the adults. Viru and malicious software that affects our home and business computers are extremely popular these days as well. Needless to say, just one big word SPAM, along with the deceptive marketing and scams, brings a lot of head ache to people. This could seem to be like a full list of disadvantages, but unfortunately it is not full just yet. Take a second and see if you can think of any other kind of a massive...

'managing complexity' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

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Estate Plan for the Wright Family - Essay Example Contextually, it could also be to circumvent any future challenges posed by his former wife on his assets, joint or individual. From the point of view of Margaret, the driving force of the plan would be in ensuring that only her husband, Tom benefits from her assets, and not his ex-wife and/or son. It is also necessary to have estate planning in place in order to overcome the sudden and unexpected death of spouse, in that it could provide for safety and comfortable living for the remaining members of Tom's family, should such an eventuality occur, especially if the spouse dies intestate (without providing a will) or testamentary documents. Will formation, a part of estate planning is an important and crucial exercise for all married couples and families, since the advantages and benefits associated with a person dying with a will or probate outweigh the risks and detriments associated with dying intestate. Tom is an accounting partner in a medium size accounting firm. While his earnings have been satisfactory, Tom's earlier marriage was annulled and he had to make heavy borrowings to pay off the divorce settlement. He has an eight year old son from his previous marriage and the upkeep expenses of his son are routed through a Trust, funded by an advance of his inheritance from his parents. As per current Australian tax laws, the capital amount of this trust has been earmarked for the benefit of his son "as a result of family breakdown." (Income tax assessment act 1936- sect 102aga n.d.). Current personal circumstances: Tom's present wife, Margaret has completed her medical studies and internship, and is currently employed in a local clinic for the last two years. She is competent and confident of gaining partnership status in her present employment. She proposes to be back in her clinic on part-time basis, after a period of six months after delivery of her first child. With her savings and amount received as inheritance from her parents, she has made investments in property in her individual name. Her main intentions are that her income and assets be shared only with her husband and not enjoyed by his former wife and son. Beneficiaries' circumstances: Tom's present beneficiaries are his wife, Margaret and at a later stage his children. His former wife and son have been adequately provided for by his settlement and the trust created for child support of the boy. He is not keen on making any more separate allocations to them, seen they have been well provided for, under divorce settlement. Current assets and liabilities and how owned: Tom's assets: 1. Goodwill in the accounting firm where he is partner 2. Share in the assets (Plant and Equipment) of the trust which he solely controls. 3. Equity in the Life Insurance policy on Tom's own life 4. Balance of superannuation funds 5. House property owned jointly with spouse, Margaret 6. Trust which has been earmarked for son of earlier marriage Tom's liabilities: 1. Mortgage payment on house property owned jointly by him and Margaret. This house has been 80% mortgaged and bills need to be paid. 2. Trust payments for maintenance of his son. 3. Life insurance premium on own life 4. Debts incurred for divorce settlemen

Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

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The Trends Of Operating Systems Information Technology Essay

The Trends Of Operating Systems Information Technology Essay In short, the operating system is the brain of a computer. The computer only works depending on what kind of operating system it is using. Most people prefer to use Windows than other systems because it is being globally used. The people who chose Macs over Windows did so because Macs works very smoothly for them, they are virtually virus free and that the hardware are also sleek and high-end looking. Linux users prefer to use Linux because it is an open source and not only are they virus free, but they also can download the software for free over the internet. It does not matter what kind of Operating System the consumer wishes to use because it all comes down to their own preferences. 5 Task 2-Presentation 6 Task 1-Report What products does my local area import? What products does my local area import? You can research one product, a type of product, or several different products. You will need to look at the current trends and how these are changing, and how they are expected to change in the future. You should look at the reasons behind the trends. You can research this online and also get information from local business or shops. You do not necessarily have to look at large scale imports in major industries it could be a small store which imports fruit and vegetables from a nearby farm. Operating System The Operating System-or OS for short-used on a computer really depends on what type of computer the consumer itself is using. The operating systems version will have to depend on users preferences and what they are aiming to achieve with the product. If a person buys a Sony VAIO, he or she is most likely to use Windows as his/her computers operating system, and if the person buys an Apple, it would be Mac because the system has been pre-loaded into their computers. A computer is considered useless if it is without its operating system. Current Trend: In Brunei, Microsoft Windows is being widely used and preferred at the moment. Reason being is that most of the consumers primary computers operating system is Windows. Thus, a lot of the people prefer to use Windows because it is what they are familiar and comfortable with. It is also easier for them to do their work since most of them-be it at school or in the office-still prefer Windows than other operating systems and they can easily sync their work without having to change their files format to suit the operating system they are using. However, the Windows users have to deal with virus prone software that are highly disliked by the consumers as the virus will corrupt their work. Even with anti-virus programs installed into their computers, they still get virus threats every now and then because when you buy a PC, you get both the hardware and software from different companies, which makes it vulnerable to virus attacks because Windows allow various types application to be download into the system and viruses are one of them. Changing Trends: Macintosh was the first computer ever produced, however Windows gained popularity because it sold itself to big companies such as IBM. The government has recently introduced Mac to students by providing public schools with MacBooks so that their students can be Apple literate. The public people, although not in a very large number, are also slowly starting to shift to Mac because they feel that it is much more secure and reliable in terms of virus handling and crashing programs than Windows because Macs applications and computers are both made Apple. Since Macs applications are made to work generally the same way, it would be easier for users to learn and navigate throughout the system. Apple build their own computers and software so it rarely crash or freeze or even catch a virus because its design. Apples browser, Safari alerts users when an item has finished downloading as well as continually making free security updates with the option of having it automatically downloaded. Future Trends: Even with the currently slow Windows to Mac conversion in Brunei, there are people who also wish to switch from Windows to Linux, but not in a very large number. Why people would want to switch to Linux is because not only Linux is freely distributed, its functionality, flexibility and sturdiness has made it the main alternative for proprietary UNIX and Microsoft operating systems. Not only that most of their software are virus free but the system also automatically updates them. Major computing companies have embraced and supported Linuxs development and it has been adopted worldwide primarily as a server platform and is getting more common for home and office desktop. Whether its a scientist, a hacker, a student or someone who wants to store everything on the internet, theres always something for everyone, but if there is not any flavour of Linux for you, you could always tailor one for yourself. You can install Linux on your computer, your tablet, your phone or even your washing machine and it will run just fine. Linux is very flexible in that way and that flexibility is what makes it so powerful and is why many labs, servers and companies use Linux. Chart: According to the survey conducted, 69% people who did the survey are Windows user, 27% of them uses Mac and the remaining 4% uses Linux. 1 out 4 Windows user, who are using Windows 7 wishes to move to Mac because Mac is much better in terms of virus handling and it is cheaper compared to when they buy a PC. 1 out of 8 user wishes to move to Linux because they are interested on how it works as Linux is a free open source that are powered and developed by the community. 3 out 4 Windows user, who are using older versions of Windows, wishes to upgrade their PC to Windows 7 because: This version of Windows has improved itself in such a way that the users can multi-task easier on it than on the previous versions. It keeps the system safe by having a built-in protection against spyware and other malicious software, and it also encrypts the entire drive. Users will spend less time waiting for their PC to get ready if they use the Sleep Mode because it is made to do so. It is also designed to reconnect to their wireless network faster so it will be ready in seconds. It has added features such as Pin and Jump List and it is able to navigate lots of open windows. Users can turn their PC into a Wi-Fi hotspot and share any kind of Internet connection wirelessly with any Wi-Fi enabled devices by using Connectify. Conclusion: In short, the operating system is the brain of a computer. The computer only works depending on what kind of operating system it is using. Most people prefer to use Windows than other systems because it is being globally used. The people who chose Macs over Windows did so because Macs works very smoothly for them, they are virtually virus free and that the hardware are also sleek and high-end looking. Linux users prefer to use Linux because it is an open source and not only are they virus free, but they also can download the software for free over the internet. It does not matter what kind of Operating System the consumer wishes to use because it all comes down to their own preferences. Task 2-Presentation The topic of your report- what you chose to investigate. The topic is about Operating System. The conclusion of your report. In short, the operating system is the brain of a computer. The computer only works depending on what kind of operating system it is using. Most people prefer to use Windows than other systems because it is being globally used. The people who chose Macs over Windows did so because Macs works very smoothly for them, they are virtually virus free and that the hardware are also sleek and high-end looking. Linux users prefer to use Linux because it is an open source and not only are they virus free, but they also can download the software for free over the internet. It does not matter what kind of Operating System the consumer wishes to use because it all comes down to their own preferences. The research that support your conclusion. Mac Vs. PC: Myth-Busting Guide For Consumers (http://www.hongkiat.com/blog/mac-vs-pc-myth-busting-consumer-guide/) The Benefits of Mac Vs. PC (http://www.brighthub.com/computing/mac-platform/articles/61625.aspx) About Linux (http://www.linux.org/info/index.html) Survey Form (http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/VRV8K3G) How the research supports your conclusions and how you came to these conclusions. I found the information needed from the internet and from the survey I have conducted. My conclusion speaks about the consumers preferences on which type of Operating System they will then wish to choose. The steps you took to research your report. I first understand the question. Then, I thought of topic and then proceeded to come up with ideas for my report from the internet. I gathered information from each of the Operating Systems official website, except for Linux as there is not any existing official website, and other websites that compares what kind of Operating System the public prefers to use. How you conducted research I have conducted a survey on Survey Monkey (http://www.surveymonkey.com) so that the public people can provide me with information I need to complete my report. I have gathered information through the internet from a search engine, Google, to find relevant websites. How you evaluated the sources I took the relevant points and compared them with each other to confirm that what I wrote in my report in accurate. Why you chose your sources They are reliable. They provide clear explanations on each of the products. I can comprehend their clarification on the subject. The steps you took to write and edit your report. I gathered as much information I can get and then summaries the indentified relevant points and I tried to avoid repetition. How you feel about your ability and skills as a writer My writing skills are not so brilliant because I cannot interpret the things I visualised onto paper very well. Your strengths and weaknesses Strength: I have a fairly good vocabulary so it made my task somewhat easier. Weakness: I had trouble identifying key points in the gathered information. I also had trouble composing the report because of my lack of key point identifying skills. I spent too much time on thinking of what kind of information to collect. What you would change next time and why I wish to improve my time managing skills and identifying skills in written form so that I will not submit my work so close to the due date and I can ignore irrelevant information.

Analysis of the Cuban Missile Crisis Essay -- History, Nuclear Weapons

The Cuban Missile Crisis remains an example of one of the most terrifying events in history for the people of the world. A very real threat existed for the crisis to escalate and create World War III, which would include the annihilation of countries and cause unimaginable damage from the use of nuclear weapons by the United States and the former Soviet Union. The conflict had historical roots in the Cold War between the United States and the former Soviet Union, as well as in the history of relations between the United States and Cuba. The strife between the United States and Cuba culminated when Fidel Castro overthrew a government publicly supported by the United States, although political and military officials in the United States secretly welcomed the events. However, it soon became clear that the takeover of Cuba by Castro would result in escalating conflict between it and the United States, something that quickly became more evident in the Bay of Pigs invasion and Operatio n Mongoose; both designed to eliminate Castro from the political field in Cuba. The Soviet Union supported Castro’s regime and Cuba’s stand, and forced its hand with the placement of nuclear missiles on the island. The United States countered, and the two countries played out their hands to determine the fate of the world. In the end, the United States and the Soviet Union came to an agreement, both sides attempting to avoid a nuclear war. To this day, the way in which the threat was diffused remains an important model in studying how to avoid future conflicts that threaten the world. The history of relations between the United States and the former Soviet Union paved the foundation that would culminate in the Cuban Missile Crisis. The battles b... ...s a model in many ways for how not to handle negotiations; many of the benefits of studying this event, in fact, are to identify how to do just that, as well. Although the outcome was ultimately positive and nuclear war was avoided, the tactics and countermoves of the United States and the Soviet Union had the potential to backfire and cause nuclear destruction. The conflict with the United States and Cuba contributed to the tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. Each country was attempting to solidify its power as not just a superpower, but the superpower of the entire world. As a result of this, one of the most terrifying events in the history of the world, even today, emerged – The Cuban Missile Crisis – and we still use it today as an example to prevent any possible errors that might once again escalate to create an event of such severity.

Indian Sale of Goods Act 1930 Essay

It is a Mercantile Law. The Sale of Goods Act is a kind of Indian Contract Act. It came into existence on 1 July 1930. It is a contract whereby the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property in the goods to the buyer for prize. A contract of sale of goods is a contract whereby the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods to the buyer for a price. There may be a contract of sale between one part-owner and another. Definition 1. Buyer A person who buys or agrees to buy goods. 2. Seller A person who sells or agrees to sell goods. 3. Goods Every kind of movable property other than actionable things and money. Sale of Goods Act is one of very old mercantile law. Sale of Goods is one of the special types of Contract. Initially, this was part of Indian Contract Act itself in chapter VII (sections 76 to 123). Later these sections in Contract Act were deleted, and separate Sale of Goods Act was passed in 1930. The Sale of Goods Act is complimentary to Contract Act. Basic provisions of Contract Act apply to contract of Sale of Goods also. Basic requirements of contract i.e. offer and acceptance, legally enforceable agreement, mutual consent, parties competent to contract, free consent, lawful object, consideration etc. apply to contract of Sale of Goods also. Contract of Sale – A contract of sale of goods is a contract whereby the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods to the buyer for a price. There may be a contract of sale between one part-owner and another. [section 4(1)]. A contract of sale may be absolute or conditional. [section 4(2)]. The law relating to sale of goods is contained in the Sale of Goods Act, 1930. It has to be read as part of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 [Sections 2(5) and (3)]. Contract of Sale of Goods According to Section 4, a contract of sale of goods is a contract whereby the seller: (i) transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods (ii) to the buyer, (iii) for a money consideration called the price. It shows that the expression â€Å"contract of sale† includes both a sale where the seller transfers the ownership of the goods to the buyer, and an agreement to sell where the ownership of goods is to be transferred at a future time or subject to some conditions to be fulfilled later on. The following are thus the essentials of a contract of sale of goods: (i) Bilateral contract: It is a bilateral contract because the property in good has to pass from one party to another. A person cannot buy the goods himself. (ii) Transfer of property: The object of a contract of sale must be the transfer of property (meaning ownership) in goods from one person to another. (iii) Goods: The subject matter must be some goods. (iv) Price or money consideration: The goods must be sold for some price, where the goods are exchanged for goods it is barter, not sale. (v) All essential elements of a valid contract must be present in a contract of sale. features The Act deals with provisions related to the contract of sale of goods The Act deals with provisions of ‘sale’ but not of ‘mortgage’ or ‘pledge’ which come under the purview of Transfer of Property Act, 1882. The Act deals with ‘goods’ but not of all movable goods (ex: actionable claims, money etc.) MEANING OF SALES AND GOODS SALE:- the exchange of a commodity for money; the action of selling something. In general, a transaction between two parties where the buyer receives goods (tangible or intangible), services and/or assets in exchange for money. 2) An agreement between a buyer and seller on the price of a security. The activity or business of selling products or services GOODS:- a good is a product that can be used to satisfy some desire or need. , a good is a material that satisfies human wants and provides utility, for example, to a consumer making a purchase. Condition and warranty.— (1) A stipulation in a contract of sale with reference to goods which are the subject thereof may be a condition or a warranty. (2) A condition is a stipulation essential to the main purpose of the contract, the breach of which gives rise to a right to treat the contract as repudiated. (3) A warranty is a stipulation collateral to the main purpose of the contract, the breach of which gives rise to a claim for damages but not to a right to reject the goods and treat the contract as repudiated. (4) Whether a stipulation in a contract of sale is a condition or a warranty depends in each case on the construction of the contract. A stipulation may be a condition, though called a warranty in the contract. Unpaid seller† defined.— (1) The seller of goods is deemed to be an â€Å"unpaid seller† within the meaning of this Act— (a) when the whole of the price has not been paid or tendered; (b) when a bill of exchange or other negotiable instrument has been received as conditional payment, and the condition on which it was received has not been fulfilled by reason of the dishonour of the instrument or otherwise. (2) In this Chapter, the term â€Å"seller† includes any person who is in the position of a seller, as, for instance, an agent of the seller to whom the bill of lading has been endorsed, or a consignor or agent who has himself paid, or is directly responsible for, the price. Unpaid seller’s rights.— (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act and of any law for the time being in force, notwithstanding that the property in the goods may have passed to the buyer, the unpaid seller of goods, as such, has by implication of law— (a) a lien on the goods for the price while he is in possession of them; (b) in case of the insolvency of the buyer a right of stopping the goods in transit after he has parted with the possession of them; (c) a right of re-sale as limited by this Act. (2) Where the property in goods has not passed to the buyer, the unpaid seller has, in addition to his other remedies, a right of withholding delivery similar to and co-extensive with his rights of lien and stoppage in transit where the property has passed to the buyer. Negotiable Instruments :- The word â€Å"Negotiable† means transferable by delivery and the word instruments means written documents. It entitles a person to a certain sum of money. In simple words we can say it is a written document which is transferable from one person to another by delivery. According to contract act it is defined as , â€Å"A negotiable instrument means a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque payable by order or bearer.† Example :- Cheques, Bill of Exchange and Promissory Notes are the important examples of negotiable instruments. Characteristics Of Negotiable Instruments :- Following are the important characteristics of negotiable instruments : 1. In Writing :- It is the basic condition of the negotiable instrument that it is always in writing. It can not be verbal. 2. Unconditional :- It is an unconditional instrument if any condition is attached then it can not be called negotiable instrument. 3. Transferable :- It can easily transferable from one person to another. In these instruments right of ownership passes either by delivery or by endorsement. 4. Payable On Demand :- The amount of the instrument is payable on demand or at any predetermination  future time. 5. Payable In Money :- The amount must be written on the instrument and it is always payable in terms of money. 6. Payable To The Bearer :- The amount written on it is payable to the bearer or to a specified person. 7. Payment of Debt :- It can be very easily used for the payment of debt. It is very simple and convenient method of payment. 8. Right of Recovery :- A cheque or Note gives the right to the creditor to recover the written amount from the debtor. He can recover this amount by himself or he can transfer this right to another. 9. Better Title :- If there is a defect in the title of the previous holder it does not affect the holder in due course. So it is abetter little than others. 10. Exception of General Law :- In case of transfer of property the general concept of law is that â€Å"No body can transfer a better title than that of his own.† But in case of instrument this law does not apply. A negotiable instrument even got in good faith from thief is better title. 11. Specified Amount :- It is also a characteristic of negotiable instrument that specified and definite amount is written on the instrument. â€Å"Holder†.—The â€Å"holder† of a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque means any person entitled in his own name to the possession thereof and to receive  or recover the amount due thereon from the parties thereto. Where the note, bill or cheque is lost or destroyed, its holder is the person so entitled at the time of such loss or destruction. â€Å"Holder in due course†.—â€Å"Holder in due course† means any person who for consideration became the possessor of a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque if payable to bearer, or the payee or indorsee thereof, if 1[payable to order], before the amount mentioned in it became payable, and without having sufficient cause to believe that any defect existed in the title of the person from whom he derived his title. . Negotiation by endorsement Subject to the provisions of section 58, a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque 18[payable to order], is negotiable by the holder by endorsement and delivery thereof. Crossing of cheques A crossed cheque is a cheque that has been marked to specify an instruction about the way it is to be redeemed. A common instruction is to specify that it must be deposited directly into an account with a bank and not immediately cashed by a bank over the counter. What is Crossing of Cheque ? A cheque is a negotiable instrument. During the process of circulation, a cheque may be lost, stolen or the signature of payee may be done by some other person for endorsing it. Under these circumstances the cheque may go into wrong hands.Crossing is a popular device for protecting the drawer and payee of a cheque. Both bearer and order cheques can be crossed. Crossing prevents fraud and wrong payments. Crossing of a cheque means â€Å"Drawing Two Parallel Lines† across the face of the cheque. Thus, crossing is necessary in order to have safety. Crossed cheques must de presented through the bank only because they are not paid at the counter. DISHONOUR OF A CHEQUE:- a cheque which the bank will not pay because there is not enough money in the account to pay it Companies Act 1956 The Companies Act 1956 is an Act of the Parliament of India, enacted in 1956, which enabled companies to be formed by registration, and set out the responsibilities of companies, their directors and secretaries.[1] The Companies Act 1956 is administered by the Government of India through the Ministry of Corporate Affairs and the Offices of Registrar of Companies, Official Liquidators, Public Trustee, Company Law Board, Director of Inspection, etc. The Registrar of Companies (ROC) handles incorporation of new companies and the administration of running companies. Companies Act In India, the Companies Act, 1956, is the most important piece of legislation that empowers the Central Government to regulate the formation, financing, functioning and winding up of companies. The Act contains the mechanism regarding organisational, financial, managerial and all the relevant aspects of a company. It empowers the Central Government to inspect the books of accounts of a company, to direct special audit, to order investigation into the affairs of a company and to launch prosecution for violation of the Act. These inspections are designed to find out whether the companies conduct their affairs in accordance with the provisions of the Act, whether any unfair practices prejudicial to the public interest are being resorted to by any company or a group of companies and to examine whether there is any mismanagement which may adversely affect any interest of the shareholders, creditors, employees and others. Following are the main characteristics of a company 1. Legal Entity A company is an artificial person created by law. So, it has a separate legal entity from its members. It can hold and deal with any type of property of which it is owner in any way like, can enter into contracts, open bank account in its own name, sue and be sued in its name and capacity. 2. Perpetual Succession Joint stock company is a corporate body. It acquires a separate legal personality difference from its member with a common seal. It does not depend upon the existence of its members. It means company is not at all affected by the death, lunacy or bankruptcy of its members or shareholders.  The shareholders may come or go but the company goes on forever. Only law can terminate its existence. 3. Limited Liability The liabilities of shareholders of the company is limited up to their capital investment only. The liability of the shareholders in the public limited company is limited to the extent of the amount of share, they have subscribed. The shareholders are not liable for the payment of excess claim of the creditors even if capital of the company becomes insufficient. 4. Common Seal However, a company being artificial person, it can not sign on documents like natural person. Therefore, a common seal is used as a substitute of signature. The common seal affixed on all documents of the company. 5. Transferability Of Share Capital The shares of a company are freely transferable from one person to another person except in case of private companies. 6. Separation Of Ownership And Management Every member or shareholder, who is real owner of the company can not take active part in day-to-day management of the company. It is managed and controlled by a board of directors. 7. Maintenance Of Books Of Accounts A company has to keep and maintain a prescribed set of accounting books and any failure in this regard attracts penalties. 8. Audit Of Account And Publication Of Financial Statements It is compulsory for each and every company to get its accounts to be audited. A joint stock company has to publish its financial statement at the end of every fiscal year. Types Of Companies There are different types of company, which can be classified on the basis of formation, liability, ownership, domicile and control. 1. Types Of Companies On The Basis Of Formation Or Incorporation a. Chartered Companies Companies which are incorporated under special charter or proclamation issued by the head of state, are known as chartered companies. The Bank Of England, The East India Company, Chartered Bank etc. are the examples of chartered companies. b. Statutory Companies Companies which are formed or incorporated by a special act of parliament, are known as statutory companies. The activities of such companies are governed by their respective acts and are not required to have any Memorandum or Articles Of Association. c. Registered Companies Registered companies are those companies which are formed by registration under the Company Act. Registered companies may be divided into two categories. * Private Company A company is said to be a private company which by its Memorandum of Association restricts the right of its members to transfer shares, limits the number of its members and does not invite the public to subscribe its shares or debentures. * Public Company A company, which is not private, is known as public company. It needs minimum seven persons for its registration and maximum to the limit of its registered capital. There is no restriction on issue or transfer of its shares and this type of company can invite the public to purchase its shares and debentures. 2. Types Of Companies On The Basis Of Liability Registered companies are divided into two types, namely, companies having limited liability and companies having unlimited liability. a. Companies Having Limited Liability This liability can be limited in two ways: * Liability Limited By Shares These are those companies in which the capital is divided into shares and liability of members (share holders) is limited to the extent of face value of shares held by them. This is the most popular class of company. * Liability Limited By Guarantee These are such companies where shareholders promise to pay a fixed amount to meet the liabilities of the company in the case of liquidation. b. Companies Having Unlimited Liability A company not having any limit on the liability of its members as in the case of a partnership or sole trading concern is an unlimited company. If such a company goes into liquidation, the members can be called upon to pay an unlimited amount even from their private properties to meet the claim of the creditors of the company. 3. Types Of Companies On The Basis Of Ownership a. Government Companies A government company is a company in which at least 51% of the paid up capital has been subscribed by the government. b. Non-government Companies If the government does not subscribe a minimum 51% of the paid up capital, the company will be a non-government company. 4. Types Of Companies On The Basis Of Domicile a. National Companies A company, which is registered in a country by restricting its area of operations within the national boundary of such country is known as a national company. b. Foreign Companies A foreign company is a company having business in a country, but not registered in that country. c. Multinational Companies Multinational companies have their presence and business in two or more countries. In other words, a company, which carries on business activities in more than one country, is known as multinational company. 5. Types Of Companies On The Basis Of Control a. Holding Companies A holding company is a company, which holds all, or majority of the share capital in one or more companies so as to have a controlling interest in such companies. b. Subsidiary Company A company, which operates its business under the control of another company (i.e holding company), is known as a subsidiary company. Memorandum of association The memorandum of association of company, often simply called the memorandum (and then often capitalised as an abbreviation for the official name, which is a proper noun and usually includes other words), is the document that governs the relationship between the company and the outside. It is one of the documents required to incorporate a company in the United Kingdom,[1] Ireland, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, and is also used in many of the common law jurisdictions of the Commonwealth. A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document prepared in the formation and registration process of a limited liability company to define its relationship with shareholders. The MOA is accessible to the public and describes the company’s name, physical address of registered office, names of shareholders and the distribution of shares. Articles of association In corporate governance, a company’s articles of association (called articles of incorporation in some jurisdictions) is a document which, along with the  memorandum of association (in cases where the memorandum exists) form the company’s constitution, defines the responsibilities of the directors, the kind of business to be undertaken, and the means by which the shareholders exert control over the board of directors. DEFINITION of ‘Articles Of Association’ A document that specifies the regulations for a company’s operations. The articles of association define the company’s purpose and lays out how tasks are to be accomplished within the organization, including the process for appointing directors and how financial records will be handled.

Organizational Behavior in Law Firms

Organizational Behavior in Law Firms Introduction The current practice of organization, governance and compensation in law firms does not match that of other business firms. Managers apply managerial approach rather than coordinated team management. Lawyers want to preserve their autonomy, and they are professional skeptics. During their training, lawyers learn to be pessimistic.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior in Law Firms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They also aim at spotting flaws. When it comes to employee compensation, lawyers do not trust the compensation committees. They insist on having a system that does not trust other people. Lack of trust leads to several negative consequences and these can be observed in several law firms. For example, teamwork initiatives rarely are implemented. A joint plan can be developed, but commitment to group decisions proves difficult. Discussion In the social Learning Theory, people in a workplace learn from their colleagues. Lawyers are different in that they believe that they possess all the knowledge, which they obtained from the school (Bandura, 2002). They, therefore, do not collaborate with each other. Lack of collaboration in a firm makes a firm not to succeed because they rarely make sacrifices. Instead, they aim at competing for their own good other than for the good of the organization. Many lawyers are reluctant to take up the role of a manager. Fear exists that the other lawyers may not treat them the way they deserve. Lawyers do not tolerate group leadership; hence limiting executive authority in law firms, decision-making is slow. In some instances, lawyers do not arrive at a conclusion in decision-making. Law firms form committees and everyone participates in decision-making. This is a form of democracy, but it slows down decision-making process. Cultural theories affect lawyers. These include theories that concentrate on cultural values, beliefs, a ttitudes, and experiences shared within an organization (Thompson, Ellis Wildavsky, 1990). Lawyers believe that they should not trust each other, and this has led to law firms having short-term orientations. Partners, therefore, fail to invest in the firm because they feel that eventually, they will not credit for that.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Surprisingly, most partners are people who have qualified academically. They have never had the joy of experiencing team success. Their focus is self-serving, selfish, and narcissistic. Therefore, law firm’s resources are squandered hence poorly used. Most law firms make little profits because clients do not get the best lawyers. Lawyers’ selfishness makes them have an approach that is shortsighted when it comes to decision making. Time and money investments rarely take place. Such investments would hav e led to immediate results that could lead to profitability. Lawyers are also skeptical about values, ideology, and principles. In a business, confidence comes when an individual can be depended upon because he can take action according to positive pragmatic principles. Such principles could include facts such as observing clients’ interests first. If lawyers served their clients in the best way possible, their personal interests would follow soon or later. Believing in these principles, however, does not automatically lead to commercial benefits. Partners can achieve commercial benefits if they adhere to these principles. This would lead to faster decision making. This would further lead to implementation of strategies leading to desirable teamwork results. Partners are able to give other partners authority to come up with ideas and decisions because they are confident that decisions can be made the right way by applying the same values, which they can apply if they were in such a situation. Law firms lack this ideological consistency. They have the principles but enforcing them becomes the problem. These firms want to adapt strategies and statement of mission and values. However, they do not state the level of penalty in case a person fails to comply. This results to ineffective implementation of strategies. Lawyers who apply common law traditions appear highly suspicious in overarching principles. They make decisions incrementally leaving open a possibility that the following case can be treated differently. A system should be put in place to coach and help partners who fail to comply with the firm’s standards. If the instruction fails to assist the associate with sensible and substantial time, such an associate should be asked to depart the firm. This system would be close to the system used when a partner does not meet financial targets, for example, billable hours.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Beh avior in Law Firms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Application of this process would ensure that a firm excels in client service, associate supervision, and collaboration. Most lawyers believe that tackling these issues would be suicidal, idealistic, unrealistic, and un-commercial. Such standards get preached to clients as the firm’s values. Most firms make a choice for principles, but do not take part in a ballot when it comes to implementing them. Lawyers have rules but do not have functional principles for failure of trusting the other partners. They fear that they may refuse to adhere to such principles. Situational leadership theory states that people possess different personality traits (Miner, 2007). Some people are passionate while others are not. Most lawyers lack passion, and this is the reason as to why they relate poorly with each other. Many researches show that lawyers are less intimate and social as compared to other p rofessionals. They prefer interactions that are role-to-role whether in the firm or outside the firm. They do not prefer personal interactions. This should not be mistaken that lawyers hate people. The point here is that they prefer job to investing in personal relationships with their clients, associates, and partners. It would be necessary to consider personal traits when choosing a leader or even a manager. Less passionate people are likely to be poor managers as compared to passionate people. This further makes most law firms unable to market themselves because they do not know how to consider interests of a customer because they lack personal feelings. That intimacy lacks in lawyers. The way lawyers react also affects productivity of their firms and the way the firm is managed. Lawyers take the word management to mean a detached, cold, and analytical approach when it comes to business dealings. Lawyers receive only a scorecard that they should achieve before the year ends. Ther e is no one to help them in achieving the set goals. They are also rarely rewarded for achieving the set goals. Lawyers need to be trained on personal relations, as this would help them a fantastic deal on managing law firms.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Herzberg’s Two Factory Theory, employees need to be rewarded if they perform well and corrective measures should be taken against those who fail to perform (Shipley Kiely, 1986). The management motivates lawyers rarely and this makes them loose morale. Methods of rewarding and punishing should be communicated clearly to the employees, so that they do not live in fear that they may fail to achieve the set goals by the end of the year. They hardly know what will happen in case they fail to achieve as per the expectations. It is true that this way helps in that everyone will work hard towards achieving the set goal. However, there is the lack of cohesion and morale. Many lawyers prefer this approach, but they fail to understand that it leads to limitation of strategies within an organization. This makes firms unstable especially now that partners keep on moving from one firm to another. It can be noted that some organizations have recognized this topic’s sig nificance. Some managing partners have realized the importance of treating people with empathy and warmth to build personal relationships. People ought to be dealt with as people and not as objects. Lawyers also require motivation, but many firms are yet to realize this importance of motivation. Motivation leads to employee satisfaction and personal development. Lawyers also apply peculiar ways when discussing an issue and when making decisions. They like contesting with each other. They, therefore, keep on arguing over small issue; hence slow decision-making. They like challenging each other’s ability. In a law firm, the lawyers will attack even a brilliant idea. Lawyers aim at identifying loopholes thus destroying, postponing or dismissing ideas regardless of the person who initiated them. An idea can be postponed for so many times and eventually the lawyers will not arrive at a comprehensive conclusion. The committee chairs in making decisions spend a lot of time. They alw ays have a lengthy memo before making a single decision. Another management strategy also exists where proposals remain ambiguous to avoid such attacks by the lawyers. Law firms hold on to half measures inclination with pitiable plans that ensure that there is a low probability of success. For lawyers, they will agree to make service teams for the clients, but if asked the meaning of such teams, they do not disclose. When asked their responsibilities, most of them will say that should be worked on later. Obligations of such team members also take ages before figuring them out. All these combined, with the use of committees to resolve issues, make everything disastrous. Some attorneys agree that their training does not include making decisions and not to have such closures. In their arguments, lawyers’ objectives do not appear logic, reasonable, fair, or consistency (Miner, 2007). Law profession rewards lawyers in terms of their persuasiveness, verbal agility, rhetoric, and po int scoring. This is what they bring in the firm at a time of significant discussions. Lawyers view risk in a strange way. In many other firms, decision-making happens for the last time. People do not have to keep on meeting in order to agree on something. The managers are entrusted with decision-making; hence no time wastage. In law firms, chances are not influential in discussions but likelihood. In other dealings, proceedings and groundbreaking thinking operate as crucial necessities for business breakthrough. Companies look forward to tactical inventiveness and thoughts which have not been implemented by others. Lawyers seem different because in case of a new idea, they will unanimously ask to be told of other firms doing the same leading to failure of an idea. They do not see the need for a change since they do not view this as a strategic advantage to the law firm. Conclusion Law firms lack competitive advantage because lawyers compete against each other and do not understand personal relationships. However, they do well financially. Law firms have discovered that hard work and cutting down costs, without caring how the associates will take it, helps them in achieving their goals. This, however, does not serve as the best approach to profitability. The issues discussed above need to be addressed by law firms if they want to deliver as per their vision statement. Issues such as expected behavior and common standards need to be addressed without fear. Law firms require Cultural Revolution for them to achieve their ambitions. Dysfunctional behavior should not be tolerated since it prevents proper functioning of an organization. Hope exists because what law firms practice does not present law, but common tendencies practiced by lawyers. Many other firms have been able to tackle issues to do with trust, culture, and behaviour of the partners. Law firms should not be exceptional. Repeated interactions lead to trust among individuals because of the long history they have had in the past. Some light ahead among the partners further increases the degree of trust. Over time, people learn to trust each other. Teamwork is necessary for achievement of set goals. Ambiguity should be avoided at all costs, and decisions should be made clear to all partners. Minimum standards ought to be agreed upon since firms have several lawyers. All the lawyers must be willing to adhere to these standards. Management of law firms requires that the managers pay attention to the management processes that ought to be applied. Lawyers must understand that legal issues are equally valuable as management issues. References Bandura, A. (2002). Social learning theory (Repr. ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice- Hall. Miner, J. B. (2007). Organizational behavior 4: from theory to practice. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. Shipley, D. D., Kiely, J. A. (1986). Industrial salesforce motivation and Herzbergs dual  factor theory. Stoke-on-Trent (College Rd., Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 2DE): North Staffordshire Polytechnic, Department of Management Studies. Thompson, M., Ellis, R., Wildavsky, A. B. (1990). Cultural theory. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.

Research Paper on Shakespeare Research Paper Example

Research Paper on Shakespeare Research Paper Example Research Paper on Shakespeare Paper Research Paper on Shakespeare Paper Essay Topic: Titus Andronicus Drew Ewing Mrs. Stevenson English II November 6th, 2012 Shakespeare William Shakespeare is one of the most well respected and time honored man of all time. His unique style, mysterious life and amazingly written sonnets make him the most studied and analyzed men to ever walk the planet. William Shakespeare, born in Stratford-upon-Avon, he was baptized on April 26th 1564, but his actual birth date is unknown. Shakespeare was the third child of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. William had two older sisters, Judith and Joan, and three younger brothers, Richard, Gilbert and Edmund. Not a lot is known of Shakespeare’s childhood, which is part of the reason everyone is so skeptical of his ability to have written everything he wrote. It is generally assumed that he went to the local grammar school, the Kings New School, for most of his childhood. Shakespeare did not attend a university. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, he had three children with her, a daughter named Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. In 1585 he started a career as an actor, play writer, and a part owner of the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, also known as The Kings Men. By the early 1590’s it is believed that Shakespeare had already written some plays and had a successful career as an actor. Sometime in 1589, Shakespeare wrote his first play, Henry VI. Between his marriage and writing this play, he moved to London. Shakespeare was not an immediate and universal success but with the the plays Richard III, Henry VI, The Comedy of Errors, and Titus Andronicus written Shakespeare became a popular playwright by the 1950’s. The year 1593, marked a huge point in his career as a playwright. By the end of that year, he scored a very important friend and fan in the Earl of Southampton and his Venus and Adonis was published. It is one of the first of Shakespeare’s works to be printed and it was a very big success. Many people believe that Shakespeare started his work as a poet and that he wrote the majority of his famous sonnets in the 1590’s as well. In 1594, Shakespeare made a return theater and became one of the Lord Chamberlains Men, which was a group of actors who eventually became the KIng’s men. He was very successful at with this group and became very famous through his plays and acting in some of them. He remained associated with the organization until his death. Many people considered acting and playwrighting a very notable career it was seen as a form of entertainment and not a profession that should be wanted. Even with so many people that did not think that Shakespeare career was one that should be granted a lot of money he still ended up being very wealthy and acquired a lot of money, which he used to by a house in Stratford for his parents. This house was the second largest in the town and was considered to be the nicest. â€Å"In 1596, Shakespeare applied for a coat of arms for his family, in effect making himself a gentleman. †(Biography of William Shakespeare 1) The coat of arms was a way for people to kind of show their family off, it was only given to people that had a lot of money and were considered to be very successful. Shakespeare died at age 52 on the 23rd of April in 1616, at this time he was already a very famous playwright and he was well known in all of England. Shakespeare was buried at the Holy Trinity Church. His epitaph that was carved into the stone that was covering his grave has a curse on it against anyone that moves his bones, when the church was renovated in 2008 the workers were very careful not to disturb his remains in fear of getting cursed. Shakespeare’s writing style is definitely unique and is widely accepted as easy to recognize. He used a very common rhythm for his day, the iambic pentameter. â€Å"Shakespeare used a metrical pattern consisting of lines of unrhymed iambic pentameter, called blank verse. Shakespeares sonnets are written in iambic pentameter, Shakespeares style of writing and meter choice were typical of the day, and other writings of the time influenced how he structured his compositions. †(Mabillard) One of the things Shakespeare was best at was being able to make his characters seam human, he was able to show that they aren’t just characters in a story, but that they were real people that could be sympathized with. Many scholars believe this is why even to this day, his works are considered to be some of the best orks of literature, and audience’s are still captivated by his works. Shakespeare made his characters development directly intertwined with the plot, which made his characters seem even more real. â€Å"Shakespeares characters were complex and human in nature, he changed what could be accomplished with drama. † (Frye 118) Shakespeare’s sonnets are considered to be some of the greatest and most eloquent poems in all of Engl ish literature. So by analyzing his genius in poetry and style, scholars and ordinary readers alike, try to understand the genius in the poet. There is very little known of Shakespeare’s personal life or feelings he had about himself. This being so a lot of scholars focus on his style and way of saying things to try and get a better understanding of Shakespeare the person. Many scholars have tried to get an insight into shakespeare by analyzing how and what he wrote. Many poets use poetry as a way to express their feelings and emotions, so readers of Shakespeare should be able to start to grasp a picture of who he was by reading his poetry and paying attention to the similarities and unique differences of his work to the norm of the day. Shakespeare’s style was a blend of contemporary and pure originality that makes him such a powerful poet. Sonnet 18 is one of Shakespeare’s most famous and critically acclaimed poems. By just reading it, the poem sounds like it is just a poem that praises the beauty of of a women. But if you take it a step farther and look deeper you can start to see just how impacting of a person that Shakespeare is writing about. The language in this sonnet is also extremely original, it is very different from the other sonnets. It is not loaded with alliteration or any other kind of poetic device, and the poem is not excessively wordy, it flows and gets its very powerful and majestic point across. As Shakespeare liked to do in his sonnets a lot every line ends with some form of punctuation, which in turn makes it dramatic and very suspenseful. Shakespeare starts the poem with a question in the very first line asking to compare the woman he is writing about to a summer’s day. Basically he is posing the question if he should compare the beauty of the beloved to the beauty of a summer’s day. The second line of the poem says Thou art more lovely and more temperate. Shakespeare uses the word temperate to mean moderate or modest, like it is average in amount. He is emphasizing how much he loves her and how beautiful she is. When Shakespeare uses the words â€Å"rough winds† in line 3 i think that he is using that as a metaphor for the flaws in this women, but that there are not any flaws in her, but there are in summer, so he can not really compare her to a summers day, because in his eyes she is flawless. In lines four and five Shakespeare continues to point out the imperfections of summer, in that it ends, but her beuaty does not. In the sixth line he tells how sometimes the sun is not hot enough, or the opposite in line five, that it can sometimes be too hot, but again, that is not the case with his beloved. Shakespaere finally just says the summer can not ever be perfect in lines seven and eight. He starts to come back to the women’s beauty in line nine, by using the words â€Å"eternal summer†, stasting that her beauty is everlasting and it will never go away like summer’s does. In the next three lines, he portrays a picture of this women, and that even though she will grow old and may not be healthy she will never lose her beauty. And in the final two lines of the sonnet Shakespeare says that her beauty will never go away, because everytiime someone reads this poem they will think about her. Shakespeare is the one of the most famous and well respected writers and poets of all time. From his mysterious life, to his unique writing style, his amazing and time lasting plays, and his sonnets, he is an international phenomenon for as long as his plays and sonnets can be read. Shakespeare is the best and one of the most interesting men that has ever lived. Frye, Roland Mushat. Shakespeare: The Art of the Dramatist. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970. Print. Greenblatt, Steven. Shakespeares Leap. New York Times. New York Times, 12 Sept. 2004. Web. 4 Nov. 2012. . GradeSaver. *Biography of William Shakespeare | List of Works, Study Guides Essays*. GradeSaver, 30 November 2012 Web. 30 November 2012. Mabillard, Amanda. Shakespeares Writing Style. Shakespeare Online. 20 Aug. 2000. (6 November 2012) . Magill, Frank N. Masterplots II. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Salem, 1986. Print.

Portrayals within the media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Portrayals within the media - Essay Example Under the above mentioned, the presentation of issues or images related with drugs should be more limited both to its content and to its time and it should be focused to the methods of the problem's resolution and to the risk related with them trying to avoid to become a kind of advertisement on their usage (Kay, 2002). Mostly the last years, the behavior of media towards the issue of drugs can be characterized as having 'two-aspects'. The first aspect is characterized from the existence of emissions and advertisements that have as a target to show that drugs are the 'killers' of the body and the mind as well as of discussions transmitted through the radio in which the experiences of people that have passed from this condition are analyzed in order to prove the danger related with the specific problem as well as the possible methods to face it when occurs in terms of reality. In this context, the portrayals of the drugs and the drug users are characterized mainly by the detailed analysis of the negative aspects of the situation as well as of its direct and indirect results on peoples' lives. On the other hand, the so-called 'lifestyle' of modern society, which is presented continuously through the media, refers mostly to the 'easy life', the 'easy money' through the 'easy dreams' and - on purpose or no - creates the need for the acquisition of a series of products and of a certain style of life which is not achievable to the majority of people. Under these terms the people are influenced that this way of life (the easy one) is the perfect situation and the ideal acquaintance. Very often people that live in such a style of life are presented as ideally happy even if it is known that they have drug addiction. In the worst situations, this use is just mentioned as an aspect of a person's life as not a really bad or negative condition and the drug usage is indirectly presented as the normal consequence (even a requirement') of this way of life. Greene and Krcmar (2005, 71, 72) made a research on the influence of media to the human behavior. They found that 'argumentativeness is positively related to violent movie exposure, real crime television exposure and violent television exposure'. Moreover, they stated that 'argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness' have been found to be 'better predictors of violent media exposure than they are of violent media linking'. Furthermore, 'violent movie exposure was found to be positively related to risk taking, whereas horror movie viewing was negatively related to risk taking'. Their research did not refer specifically to the drugs and the drug users. However, their influence to the human behavior could be analogous if considering that in real terms the drug use is a 'violation of health' especially when considering the results and to that point the effects of images of such a content could have the same effect to the human behavior as the movies that contain violence. To the above direction Gutwill and Hollander (2002, 263) examined the issue of the interaction between the human behavio

Robinson Crusoe As A Fully Secular Book And A Deeply Religious One Essay

Robinson Crusoe As A Fully Secular Book And A Deeply Religious One - Essay Example He was a tough man who had led a tough life: lifted as a dissident in the London of the Great Plague and the Great Fire; continuing Newgate penitentiary and the ridicule in ruined middle age; working as a top secret agent and an outrageous journalist until locked up again for debt and disloyalty. Defoe died old, and so might be accounted as a survivor, but he had beared a good distribution of authenticity, and his novels mirror that fortitude. Bloom studies for (1998, Pg 5-6), Defoe appears to be the slightest ironic of writers, and up till now Crusoe's tale is well versed by an irresistible irony. A fidgety vagrant, driven to travel and escapade by forces that he (and the person who reads) cannot understand, Crusoe is restricted to a loneliness that should to infuriate him by rotating him toward an intolerable inwardness. Nevertheless his wisdom succeeds, in spite of his obvious captivity. Defoe takes the contradictory path from the psychologist's path as he explains the consequences of sentiments on the body, not on the mind. Nowhere is this sturdy than in Crusoe's anguish as he visions a shipwreck: "After we had rowed, or rather driven about a league and a half, as we reckoned it, a raging wave, mountain-like, came rolling astern of us, and plainly bade us expect the coup de grace. It took us with such a fury, that it overset the boat at once; and separating us as well from the boat as from one another, gave us no time to say, "O God!" for we were all swallowed up in a moment." (Chapter 3, Wrecked On A Desert Island) Robinson Crusoe As A Fully Secular And Deeply Religious Book According to Ritchie (1997, Pg 98-99), Robinson Crusoe, it might be, is a story in focus. It is a masterwork, and it is a stunning success mainly because Defoe has all through kept constantly to his own intelligence of viewpoint. It is, we know, the tale of a man who is terrified, after many dangers and escapades, unaided upon a desert island. The meager proposal threat and loneliness and a desert island is sufficient to rouse in us the hope of some far land on the confines of the world; of the sun rising and the sun setting; of man, remote from his kind, threatening alone upon the nature of culture and the weird ways of men. "But in reality there are no sunsets and no sunrises; there is no solitude and no soul. There is, on the contrary, staring us full in the face nothing but a large earthenware pot. It was the first of September 1651; that the hero's name is Robinson Crusoe; and that his father has the gout." (Chapter 1, Start In Life) Robinson Crusoe thinks of God: "Sometimes I would expostulate with myself, why providence should thus completely ruin its creatures.... But something always return'd swift upon me to check these thoughts." (Chapter 1, Start In Life) 'God does not live". Crusoe believes of Nature, the fields "adorn'd with flowers and grass, and full of very fine woods," (Chapter 1, Star